User Guide for sky130_fd_io

Summary

Todo

sky130_fd_io__gpio is not yet publicly available.

This IP document includes two versions of a General Purpose I/O buffer (sky130_fd_io__gpio) with different feature sets, sky130_fd_io__sio macro (pair of Special I/O buffer (sky130_fd_io__sio) + REFerence GENerator (sky130_fd_io__refgen).

The IP also includes;

  • Power, Ground cells (PG pads),

  • Reset cells (XRES),

  • Test pads,

  • Analog pads,

  • power detector,

  • overlay cells.

The IP also includes all the relevant ESD clamps, diodes and trigger circuits to complete the I/O ring.

The I/O buffers can be configured as an input buffer, output buffer, or an I/O buffer.

The sky130_fd_io__gpio buffer includes a single-ended input buffer that can be configured for LVTTL, CMOS/I2C operation.

sky130_fd_io__gpiov2 has better electrical performance and the Rx can handle 1.8V signaling when the I/O supply is different from 1.8V.

sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 is fully I2C compliant and includes the over-voltage tolerance feature. It also has an input buffer that can support selectable trip-point feature along with a reference generator.

The sky130_fd_io__sio buffer can be configured to produce a regulated high output level, and includes a differential input buffer. All I/O buffers support multiple drive modes.

The IP supports a power supply range of 1.71V to 5.5V.

Features. Benefits, Tradeoffs, Limitations

  • 1.71V-5.5V continuous supply operating range

  • Rail-based ESD protection for sky130_fd_io__gpio* and sky130_fd_io__sio_macro

  • I2C compliant sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2

  • I2C compatible - sky130_fd_io__gpiov2, sky130_fd_io__gpio, sky130_fd_io__sio

  • CMOS, LPC compliant - sky130_fd_io__gpio*, sky130_fd_io__sio

  • Low Power modes: Hibernate mode (Latch previous state), Deep Sleep Mode (allows I2C communication), Stop Mode (retains I/O state when LV supply is gone)

  • Selectable output buffer drive modes (open drain high/low, strong/weak pull up/down, High-Z output) - sky130_fd_io__gpio*, sky130_fd_io__sio

  • Regulated output high level - sky130_fd_io__sio

  • Hot swap & over-voltage tolerant - sky130_fd_io__sio, sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2

  • Selectable output buffer slew rate control - sky130_fd_io__sio, sky130_fd_io__gpio*

  • Selectable input buffer threshold (LVTTL or CMOS/I2C)- sky130_fd_io__gpio*, sky130_fd_io__sio

  • Selectable 1.8V signaling (Active Mode) - sky130_fd_io__gpiov2, sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2

  • Selectable differential input buffer threshold (4 options) - sky130_fd_io__sio

  • Integrated analog multiplexers (2) - sky130_fd_io__gpio*

  • IP has multiple Power/Ground pads with HV and LV clamps, diodes, Test pads to enable I/O ring assembly

  • VDDIO and VDDD power detector

  • Multiple flavors of XRES cells

  • For complete set of feature comparison, see Table 101

  • AIP/LEDA rules set compliant : 5.0

Design Metrics

Table 97 Design Metrics-1

Description

Active Mode

Deep Sleep

Output: Fmax Freq

33MHz

33Mhz

Output: Fmax Freq

33MHz

33Mhz

SE Input: Fmax Freq

66MHz

66MHz

Number of power domains

5

Number of power modes

  • Active

  • Hibernate

  • Deep Sleep

  • Stop

Single-ended Input buffer hysteresis (ALL I/O)

I2C complaint

Rise/Fall trip point for VDDD detector

0.7V-1.5V

Rise/Fall trip point for VDDIO detector

0.7V-1.5V

Simulation Temperature Range

-40C to 100C

  • Simulation Voltage range I/O

  • Analog Supply

1.65V-5.5V

  • Simulation Voltage range I/O

  • LV Digital Supply

1.60V-1.95V

Table 98 Design Metrics-2

sky130_fd_io__sio Differential Input buffer

2.0V

3.3V

5.0V

Quiescent current

0.23mA

0.25mA

0.27mA

ICC @ Fmax

0.35mA

0.40mA

0.50mA

Voltage trip point (SIO)

Vinref±200mV

Table 99 Design Metrics-3

tt_leak 3.0V, 25C

leak 3.0V, 85C

  • sky130_fd_io__gpio* ISB

  • enable_h = 0

0.17nA

89.63nA

  • sky130_fd_io__sio ISB

  • enable_h = 0

0.22nA

40.29nA

Table 100 Design Metrics-4

sky130_fd_io__gpio* AMUX switch resistance

  • 275 : CSD Range

  • 1000 : Full Range

Configuration Options

  • ALL I/O: Input and Output buffers can be enabled independently

  • ALL I/O: Input buffer trip point select between CMOS/I2C & LVTTL

  • ALL I/O: Configurable for 8 different Output drive modes

  • ALL I/O: Output can be configured for different slew rates

  • ALL I/O: I/O buffer can be configured into low power or low leakage mode using hold state control signals

  • ALL I/O: O/P Buffer can be configured to drive the PAD during deep sleep mode

  • sky130_fd_io__sio output buffer can be cured to be CMOS or Regulated output high level buffer (only in Strong Pull up mode)

  • sky130_fd_io__gpiov2, sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 to handle 1.8V signaling on pad

  • sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 input buffer supports selectable trip point feature

Typical Application

The SKY130 IO cells are typically used to build the I/O ring around the chip core. In addition to I/O’s, Power/Ground cells, ESD clamps, Bond pad etc. are also available in this IP. I/O’s are used to communicate with the external world and acts as the interface/buffer between the chip core and the external system.

Power Performance

The I/O’s support multiple power modes (Hibernate, Deep Sleep, Stop) which are low-power modes, while still retaining the state of the I/O.

FMEA

Rail-Based ESD

The ESD strategy for M0S8 platform is non-distributed (grouped) rail-based ESD. This will be implemented across all pins and the ESD scheme can be fully simulated and easily portable across technologies.

Architecture and Implementation details

The different components needed to build the I/O ring are - sky130_fd_io__gpio sky130_fd_io__sio, ESD RC Clamps (which sit inside the Power/Ground PADS). Each external power domain will be protected with its own ESD RC clamp. There will be ESD diodes from each of the derived supplies to the source supply. For this purpose, two types of ESD RC clamps will be developed - HV Clamp and LV clamp.

Alternate XRES implementation

Todo

Only sky130_fd_io__top_xres4v2 is currently available. sky130_fd_io__top_xres_2 and sky130_fd_io__top_axresv2 are not yet available.

The glitch filter and 5k pull-up resistor in the current sky130_fd_io__top_xres_2 are provided as separate cells. A PMOS switch is used to disable the pull-up resistor.

../../../../_images/sky130_fd_io__top_axresv2.png

Fig. 1 Alternate XRES Implementation

Critical Requirements Summary

Overview of Block Applications

The Data I/O circuitry is used to communicate with other components in a PC board environment. The circuit also has the capability of shifting between core level voltages and I/O level voltages.

The buffers support a power supply range of 1.71V to 5.5V.

Block Architecture Overview

The following sections describe each of the blocks in detail:

Block Description

Todo

sky130_fd_io__gpio is not yet publicly available.

The SKY130 IO cells is a toolkit IP. It contains all the cells and primitives required to construct an I/O ring in the SKY130 technology.

Additional details of the cells included can be found in the sections below.

This sky130_fd_io library contained in this document covers different kinds of I/O cells, a general purpose I/O (sky130_fd_io__gpio) and a special I/O (sky130_fd_io__sio), a reference generator (sky130_fd_io__refgen) for providing voltage references to the sky130_fd_io__sio and Power and Ground (PG) cells that make up the I/O ring.

A single table comparison of all features across different IO’s is provided in Table 101.

I/O[1] Common Features

Todo

Only sky130_fd_io__gpiov2 and sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 are currently available. sky130_fd_io__gpio and sky130_fd_io__gpiosf are not yet publicly available.

The sky130_fd_io__gpio and sky130_fd_io__sio buffers contain the following common features:

The features that are supported by different I/O’s are documented in Table 101 below:

Table 101 Comparison of features across different I/O’s provided in this IP

Feature

sky130_fd_io__gpio*

sky130_fd_io__sio_macro

sky130_fd_io__gpiov2

sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2

Drive Capability (Source) [2]

4mA

4mA

4mA

4mA

Drive Capability (Sink)

4mA [3]

20mA [5]

4mA [3]

10mA [3]

Drive Modes

8-Modes

8-Modes

8-Modes

8-Modes

Slew Rate Control

Slow/Fast

Slow/Fast

Slow/Fast

Slow/Fast/I2C

Input Buffer trip point

CMOS/TTL

CMOS/TTL

CMOS/TTL/1.8V

CMOS/TTL/1.8V/Selectable

Over-Voltage Tolerance

No

Yes

No

Yes

Analog Mux

2

0 [4]

2

2

Regulated Output

No

Yes

No

No

Input buffer type

SE

SE+Diff

SE

SE

I2C Compliance

Limited [5]

Limited [5]

Standard,Fast

  • Standard

  • Fast

  • Fast-Plus [6]

  • High-Speed

Low-voltage DFT support

No

No

Yes

Yes

Hysteresis [7]

5%

5%

10% [8]

10% [8]

Eight drive strength modes

The IP includes three static drive mode bits (dm<2:0>). These bits are used to configure the output buffer drive strength. A default setting for enabling or disabling the input and output buffer is also defined. The eight drive strength modes are defined in the following table.

Table 102 Truth table for I/O Drive Strength Modes

inp_dis

oe_n

dm<2:0>

Pad State

Input Buffer

Output Buffer

Mode Description

out=1

out=0

X

X

000

Hi- Z

Hi- Z

Disabled (in=0)

Disabled

  • Input/Output buffers disabled

  • Analog Input Mode

0

X

001

Hi- Z

Hi- Z

Enabled

Disabled

Configured as Input only

0

0

010

Res 1 (5k)

Strong 0

Enabled (in=0)

Enabled

  • Weak pull-up,

  • strong pull-down

0

0

011

Strong 1

Res 0 (5k)

Enabled (in=0)

Enabled

  • Strong pull-up

  • Weak pull-down

0

0

100

Hi- Z

Strong 0

Enabled (in=0)

Enabled

  • Open Drain

  • Strong pull-down

0

0

101

Strong 1

Hi- Z

Enabled (in=0)

Enabled

  • Open Drain

  • Strong pull-up

0

0

110

Strong 1

Strong 0

Enabled (in=0)

Enabled

  • Strong pull-up

  • Strong pull-down

0

0

111

Res 1 (5k)

Res 0 (5k)

Enabled (in=0)

Enabled

  • Weak pull-up

  • Weak pull-down

1

X

XXX

Disabled

Input buffer disabled

X

1

XXX

Hi-Z

Hi-Z

Disabled

Output buffer tri-stated

X = don’t care 0/1

Independent control of input and output buffer enables

The I/O cells also include separate input disable inp_dis and output enable oe_n control signals as shown in Table 102. When inp_dis = 0 the input buffer is enabled and when oe_n = 0 the output buffer is enabled. When these signals are high (logic 1) the corresponding buffers are disabled independent of the state of the drive mode bits dm<2:0>. For example, if drive mode 2 (dm<2:0>=010) is selected, the input buffer is enabled by default. If inp_dis=1 for this drive mode, the input buffer enable default state will be overridden and the input buffer will be disabled and the input buffer output will be driven low.

Input buffer threshold select

The vtrip_sel signal alters the input buffer Vil and Vih specifications. The Vil and Vih specifications are listed in the following table.

Table 103 I/O Vil & Vih Specifications

Prameter

Description

Units

Condition

vtrip_sel=0

vtrip_sel=1

VIL

Input Low Voltage

V

  • vddio < 2.7V

  • vddio > 2.7V

0.3 * vddio

  • 0.3 * vddio

  • 0.8

VIH

Input High Voltage

V

  • vddio < 2.7V

  • vddio > 2.7V

0.7 * vddio

  • 0.7 * vddio

  • 2.0

When vtrip_sel = 0, the input buffer functions as a CMOS input buffer. When vtrip_sel = 1, the input buffer functions as an LVTTL input buffer.

I/O supply and Internal supply level input buffer outputs

The input buffer produces two outputs, a low voltage output and a high voltage output. The low voltage output is produced by level shifting the external vddio referenced level input to the internal vcchib level output. The high voltage output is produced by not level shifting the external vddio referenced level input to a buffered internal vddio_q level output.

Selectable output edge rate control

The CMOS output buffer includes a slew rate control input signal slow. When this signal is activated (slow = 1) the output edge rate will be slower than the default setting (slow = 0).

Hold state mode (latch previous state)

The I/O cell includes a hold state control signal hld_h_n. The purpose of this signal is to place the I/O cell into a low leakage mode while holding the previous state of the input controls, output controls and data. hld_h_n latches all control signals except enable_h. Specific timing constraints between the hld_h_n input and the other control signals must be satisfied to when entering and exiting the hold state mode. The Input signals which are latched by hld_h_n are dm<2:0>, slow, vtrip_sel, inp_dis, out, oe_n. The input signals, ibuf_sel, vreg_en, in sky130_fd_io__sio cell are also latched by hld_h_n.

During the hold mode, vccd can either be taken down to 0 or can float. During this case, the I/O input buffer would continue to actively drive out as long as there are valid power supplies (vddio, vddio_q and vcchib).

During the hold mode, the O/P can be configured to drive the PAD as described in Feature 9.

I/O Mode Control Override during Power-up

Todo

Only sky130_fd_io__gpiov2 and sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 are currently available. sky130_fd_io__gpio is not yet publicly available.

The sky130_fd_io__gpio includes an I/O mode control override signal enable_h that is different from the oe_n signal. The signal enable_h=0 forces the output drive mode to Hi-Z. The enable_h signal is intended to be at logic 0 during the chip power-up sequence. During the power-up sequence this signal is driven low and the output driver is forced to a known state (Hi-Z). This ensures that the output driver does not enter a crow-bar condition.

Before the power-up sequence is completed, and the enable_h signal is asserted (logic 1), the data inputs and the control signals must be stable to ensure that the output driver does not inadvertently enter a crow-bar condition while exiting the power-up sequence.

The enable_h signal takes priority over the hld_h_n signal. In other words, when the I/O mode control override signal enable_h is logic 0 and the hld_h_n control signal is active, the output driver will be forced to drive Hi-Z. The previous states on the pull-up and pull-down signals will be over written and set to the levels required to force the driver. If the hld_h_n signal remains active after the enable_h signal transitions from logic 0 to logic 1, the forced condition (Hi-Z) will be held. Table 104 describes the enable_h, hld_h_n functionality.

Table 104 sky130_fd_io__gpio Mode Control Override & Hold State Operation

enable_h

hld_h_n

Previous pad Output state

Current pad Output State

Notes

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

Hi-Z

Hi-Z

1

1

Table 4.2-1

Table 4.2-1

0

X

X

Hi-Z

  • Input buffer disabled;

  • Output buffer Hi-Z (configured as dm<2:0>=000)

Note that there is no latch present on the pad itself, but the data in gets latched whenever hld_h_n=0. Further whenever enable_h=0, this data level shifter gets forced to a value which determines the pad current output state.

Pad Access to the Core

The I/O provides pad access to the core. pad_no_esd_h is directly connected to the pad. pad_a_esd_0_h and pad_a_esd_1_h is connected to the pad through a 150 ohm ESD resistor.

O/P configuration to drive the PAD in hold mode

The hold over ride signal (hld_ovr, active high, vcchib domain) signals the O/P buffer when to provide the flow-through functionality of the data input to the output buffer and output enable in deep sleep mode.

The functionality is defined in Table 105.

Table 105 Functionality during normal and hold modes

hld_ovr

hld_h_n

in

oe_n

0

0

Latched

Latched

0

1

Normal

Normal

1

0

Over-ride

Over-ride

1

1

Normal

Normal

Note

  • Latched means that the input and output enable are latched. This is the same functionality as mentioned in Table 103.

  • Normal refers any mode other than Sleep modes

sky130_fd_io__gpio Additional Features

Todo

sky130_fd_io__gpio is not yet publicly available.

The block diagram for the sky130_fd_io__gpio is shown in Fig. 2. Note: Bus notation dm[3] denotes a 3 bit bus dm[2:0]. These notations are interchangeably used in the document.

../../../../_images/sky130_fd_io__gpio.png

Fig. 2 Block diagram for sky130_fd_io__top_gpio

All sky130_fd_io__gpio provides additional functionality of analog connectivity to the PAD for CSD and other applications as described below:

sky130_fd_io__gpio Analog Connectivity Modes

Todo

sky130_fd_io__gpio is not yet publicly available.

The M0S8 sky130_fd_io__gpio integrates the AMUXBUS switches to two AMUXBUS_A and AMUXBUS_B analog buses. These buses are used for both Capsense operation (as described in the CSD chapter), and general analog connectivity for Programmable Analog blocks and ADFT.

The analog functionality is controlled using three control signals.

  • analog_en enables the analog functions of the sky130_fd_io__gpio cell

  • analog_sel selects between AMUXBUS_A and AMUXBUS_B

  • analog_pol selects the function of the out input, which toggles between AMUXBUS and VSSIO or between VDDIO and AMUXBUS

Table 106 describes the analog functionality as selected by the relevant control signals:

Table 106 Analog functionality by the relevant control signals

Analog Function

Digital Function

analog_en

analog_sel

analog_pol

out=0

out=1

Input

Output

0

X

X

N/C

N/C

Unaffected

Unaffected

1

0

0

Vssio

amuxbus_a

Disabled

Unaffected

1

0

1

amuxbus_a

Vddio

Disabled

Unaffected

1

1

0

Vssio

amuxbus_b

Disabled

Unaffected

1

1

1

amuxbus_b

Vddio

Disabled

Unaffected

Note that digital output driver can be used concurrent with analog function

Note the following: When the I/O is in an analog mode, the digital input buffer is disabled, but the output driver is not. Both CSD and certain Programmable Analog applications make use of the digital output driver as a driver on analog signals/nodes. The output driver performs the function as selected by its dm[3] inputs (which may be either OFF or not).

Note that these modes only concern analog functions internal to the sky130_fd_io__gpio, i.e. using the internal AMUXBUS switches.

Shielding for Analog Mux busses: AMUX switches can also be used to source and sink currents from CSD IDAC block to sky130_fd_io__gpio pins. The current IDAC for CSD block can be used to supply/ source current through AMUX to any sky130_fd_io__gpio pin. The maximum current can be up to 1mA and thus the AMUX layout needs to be designed keeping EM/IR considerations in mind.

Usage of ``VSSIO_Q`` in AMUX: The CSD pull-down transistor used in AMUX is the only one that uses the vssio_q connection to the I/O. In case the AMUX is used for CSD operation, vssio_q can alternatively be connected to VSSA without concerns for noise. Care must be taken that VSSIO and VSSIO_Q should not be shorted at VSSIO pad when used in this configuration.

Changes to Analog Mux for sky130_fd_io__gpiov2 and sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2

Todo

sky130_fd_io__gpio is not yet publicly available.

  1. The input buffer is no longer disabled inside sky130_fd_io__gpiov2 and sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 automatically when analog mux is enabled (analog_en=1). This was done to unblock self-testing of I/O cells. The firmware needs to ensure that inp_dis=1 when analog_en=1.

  2. Power mode behavior was modified for both sky130_fd_io__gpiov2 and sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2. An extra control signal enable_vswitch_h is added to have better control over the power mode behavior. The following table gives the supplies, control signals and their role:

Table 107 Supplies, control signals and their definition

Signal

I/O-Behavior

vddio

Digital supply for the I/O-cell. This supply is used to implement all digital input/output functions. It can be connected to the main system digital supply (vddd) or to an independent vddio supply.

vdda

Analog supply for the I/O-cell. This supply is used to implement the analog switches associated with amuxbus and CSD behavior. This supply is either connected to the global analog supply in the system or tied off to vddio when amuxbus functionality is not used.

vccd

The main regulated (1.8V) core supply. This supply is the relative supply of most of the configuration/control signals coming into the I/O-cell and is used for level translation only. No I/O circuits are powered using this supply.

vcchib

The hibernate regulated supply (1.8V). This supply is the relative supply for the I/O data interface (in, out, oe_n) and is also used mainly for level translation only. This supply can also be used as a reference for the sky130_fd_io__gpio input buffer.

enable_h

The master enable signal to the I/O-cell’s digital section. This signal is in the vddio voltage domain. This signal is guaranteed to establish early during the vddio power ramp to enable glitch free operation during power up and down ramps. When asserted (1), this signal guarantees that vddio is valid and that either hld_h_n=0 or all LV control signals are valid.

enable_inp_h

This signal must be tied off to 0 or 1. Its value controls the power state of the input buffer when enable_h=0. This is a special feature used on 2 I/O-cells to allow for test-mode entry while XRES=0.

enable_vdda_h

The master enable signal to the I/O-cell’s analog section. This signal is guaranteed to establish early during the power ramp to enable glitch free operation during power up and down ramps. It is used to power up/down all vdda powered circuits in the I/O-cell. When asserted (1), this signal guarantees that vdda and vddio are valid, and that either hld_h_n=0 or all LV control signals are valid.

enable_vswitch_h

A signal that controls the use of the pumped-up vswitch supply. When asserted (1), this signal guarantees that vswitch and vdda and vddio are valid, and that either hld_h_n=0 or all LV control signals are valid.

enable_vddio

A signal that controls the use of the vcchib supply in some of the I/O circuits. When asserted (1), this signal guarantees that vcchib and all HV supplies are valid, and that either hld_h_n=0 or all LV control signals are valid.

hld_h_n

This signal controls the iso-latches in the I/O-cell. It transitions low to freeze the state of the I/O-cell such that the active supply can be removed and the IO continues to function as configured.

hld_ovr

When hld_h_n=1 this signal is ignored, when hld_h_n=0 all control signals including this signal are frozen. The frozen value of this signal determines if the out and oe_n are frozen or not. 0: the I/O latches all of its configuration and control inputs as well as out and oe_n. 1: only the configuration and control inputs are latched. The logic in IOSS makes sure that hld_ovr=1 never occurs when the system goes into STOP mode (which removes vcchib).

The normal operational state of the analog mux is when all supplies are present and all qualifiers asserted. However, there are many transient and special states that occur during power sequencing and during low power modes.

Input buffer enable during reset (enable_inp_h)

The enable_inp_h input determines the power on/off state of the digital input buffer when the I/O is disabled; i.e. enable_h is 0. This pin is intended to be tied off to 0 or 1 (using the tie_hi_esd and tie_lo_esd signals on the I/O cell), depending on the need to have the input buffer enabled while enable_h=0. The truth table for enable_inp_h is given below in Table 108:

Table 108 enable_inp_h truth table

enable_h

enable_inp_h

  • Inp_dis

  • dm[3]

Input Buffer State

0

0

X

Disabled

0

1

X

Enabled

1

X

Valid

F(inp_dis , dm[3])

Use of enable_inp_h at chip level: enable_inp_h is a hard-tie to either tie_hi_esd or tie_lo_esd of the sky130_fd_io__gpio and should not be register controlled. The enable_inp_h functionality is used to implement the Power-On-Reset Bypass Mode in SRSSv2: while XRES is asserted, SRSSv2 listens for a magic key on the SWD interface. This requires that primary SWD interface sky130_fd_io__gpio cells have their input buffers enabled, while XRES is asserted (enable_inp_h is tie_hi_esd). All other sky130_fd_io__gpio cells have their input buffers disabled while XRES is asserted (enable_inp_h is tie_lo_esd).

sky130_fd_io__gpiov2 Additional Features

The block diagram for sky130_fd_io__gpiov2 is shown below in Fig. 3. Note: bus notation dm[3] denotes a 3 bit bus dm[2:0]. These notations are used interchangeably in the document.

../../../../_images/sky130_fd_io__top_gpiov2.png

Fig. 3 sky130_fd_io__gpiov2 Block Diagram

sky130_fd_io__gpiov2 provides all functionality as the original sky130_fd_io__gpio does. In addition, it provides the following extra features:

  • Improved hysteresis of 10% across the entire supply range in CMOS mode

  • Improved hysteresis of 100mV in LVTTL mode

  • Improvements to meet I2C fall time with a certain minimum bus cap. Support only for Standard and Fast I2C modes. Table 110 gives the different output buffer configurations.

  • Supports 1.8V signaling on PAD independent of vddio.

    1. Full spec support for Vcchib ≥ 1.6

    2. Limited functional support down to Vcchib ≥ 1.4 (Deep-sleep mode). 15Mhz CMOS operation.

  • Improvements to the analog mux to support multiple power modes.

  • Low-voltage DFT support (Input buffer runs at lower supply voltage than spec’ed)

Following additional pins have been added to support some of the above features:

  • ib_mode_sel: This signal is used select between VDDIO and VCCHIB based thresholds (0=VDDIO, 1=VCCHIB)

  • enable_vddio: This qualifier lets the sky130_fd_io__gpio know that VDDIO is either present (1) or absent (0) in VCCHIB domain. Currently, a skew of 100ns is allowed between enable_h and enable_vddio

  • enable_vswitch_h: These qualifiers let the sky130_fd_io__gpio know that VSWITCH is either present (1) or absent (0) in VSWITCH domain

Input Buffer selection for sky130_fd_io__gpiov2 is explained below in Table 109:

Table 109 Input Buffer Trip point selection for sky130_fd_io__gpiov2

Mode

ib_mode_sel

vtrip_sel

Input Buffer Trip Point

Description

CMOS

0

0

30%/70% of Vddio

CMOS input buffer

TTL

0

1

  • VIL=0.8V, Vddio>2.7V

  • VIH=2.0V, Vddio>2.7V

LVTTL input buffer

VCCHIB

1

0/1

VIH=1.26V, VIL=0.54V

Supports 1.8V signaling on PAD

Note

If sky130_fd_io__gpiov2 or sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 is used to catch an external interrupt in hibernate mode, then care must be taken to have ib_mode_sel in logic 0 state before entering low-power modes.

This is because VCCHIB mode will not work in hibernate mode.

Table 110 sky130_fd_io__gpiov2 output buffer configurations

dm[3]

oe_n

slow

Driver PU (Rise Time Specs)

Driver PU (Rise Times- Sch)

Driver PD (Fall Time Specs)

Description

000/001

x

x

Disabled

Disabled

Disabled

Tri-state

x

1

x

Disabled

Disabled

Disabled

Tri-state

010

0

0

Resistive (5K)

Strong-Fast (2-12ns)

  • WPU

  • SPD Mode

  • 25pF load

010

0

1

Resistive (5K)

Strong-Slow (10-60ns)

011

0

0

Strong-Fast (2-12ns)

Resistive (5K)

  • SPU

  • WPD Mode

  • 25pF load

011

0

1

Strong-Slow (10-60ns)

Resistive (5K)

100

0

0

Open-Drain

Strong-Fast (2-12ns)

  • OPD-PU

  • SPD Mode

  • I2C Standard Mode

  • I2C FS+ Mode

100

0

1

Open-Drain

I2C Fast Mode (6.22/20ns - 250ns)

  • I2C Fast Mode

  • Cbus>200pF

  • Rext≥1K

  • Rext= tr/(0.8463*Cbus)

101

0

0

Strong-Fast (2-12ns)

Open-Drain

  • SPU

  • OPD-PD Mode

101

0

1

Strong-Slow (10-60ns)

Open-Drain

  • WPU

  • OPD-PD Mode

110

0

0

Strong-Fast (2-12ns)

Strong-Fast (2-12ns)

  • SPU

  • SPD Mode

110

0

1

Strong-Slow (10-60ns)

Strong-Slow (10-60ns)

  • SPU

  • SPD Mode

111

0

x

Resistive (5K)

Resistive (5K)

  • WPU

  • WPD Mode

sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 Additional Features

../../../../_images/sky130_fd_io__top_gpio_ovtv2.png

Fig. 4 sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 Block Diagram

sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 provides all functionality as sky130_fd_io__gpiov2 does. In addition, it provides the following extra features

  • Over-voltage tolerant

  • Provides better pull-down drive strength (V:sub:OL=0.6V @ IOL=10mA for VDDIO=1.71V)

  • Compliance to I2C standard, fast, fast-plus and high-speed modes

  • Provides selectable trip points feature. Using an internal reference generator, input buffer trip points can be adjusted over a wide range of value. The max frequency of operation is 66MHz when input signaling is greater than 2.2V. When input signaling is between 1.8V and 2.2V, the max frequency is 33 MHz. The minimum value of input signaling for which full functional specs are met is 1.8v.

  • sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 is not critical corner compliant as it uses the MIM cap from sky130_fd_pr library. sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 cannot be placed in corner of the die.

    Following additional pins have been added to support some of the above features:

  • ib_mode_sel<1:0>: Used to configure input buffer trip points. Refer to Table 111

  • hys_trim: Used to increase hysteresis feedback for input buffer in Ref Mode. Set to 1 for input signaling voltage > 2.2V and 0 otherwise.

  • slew_ctl<1:0> : Used to vary slew rate in I2C mode (dm=100). Refer to Table 112

  • enable_vddio_lv: This qualifier lets the sky130_fd_io__gpio know that VDDIO is either present (1) or absent (0) in VCCHIB domain

  • enable_vswitch_h: This qualifier lets the sky130_fd_io__gpio know that VSWITCH is either present (1) or absent (0) in VSWITCH domain

Feature: Selectable Trip point feature

The input buffer in sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 supports the following modes as given in Table 111 below:

Table 111 Input Buffer modes in sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 and their description

Mode

ib_mode_sel <1:0>

vtrip_sel

Input Buffer Trip Point

Description

CMOS

00

0

30%/70% of Vddio

CMOS input buffer

TTL

00

1

  • VIL=0.8V

  • Vddio>2.7V

  • VIH=2.0V

  • Vddio>2.7V

LVTTL input buffer

VCCHIB

01

0/1

  • VIH=1.26V

  • VIL=0.54V

Supports 1.8V signalling on PAD

Ref

10/11

0/1

30%/70% of vinref

  • vinref = VDDIO*(13n+184)/600

  • This feature works in conjunction with:

  • :sky130_fd_io__top_gpiovrefv2

  • :sky130_fd_io__top_vrefcapv2

Table 112 sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 Slew rate control with slow and slew_ctl<1:0>

dm[3]

oe_n

slow

slew_ctl [2]

Driver PU (Fall Time Specs)

Driver PD (Fall Time Specs)

Description

  • 000

  • 001

x

x

x

Disabled

Disabled

Tri-state

x

1

x

x

Disabled

Disabled

Tri-state

010

0

0

x

Resistive (5K)

Strong-Fast (2-12ns)

  • WPU

  • SPD Mode

  • 25pF load

010

0

1

x

Resistive (5K)

Strong-Slow (10-60ns)

011

0

0

x

Strong-Fast (2-12ns)

Resistive (5K)

  • SPU

  • WPD Mode

  • 25pF load

011

0

1

x

Strong-Slow (10-60ns)

Resistive (5K)

100

0

0

x

Open-Drain

Strong-Fast (2-12ns)

  • OPD-PU

  • SPD Mode

100

0

1

11

Open-Drain

  • HS mode (Vext=<2.8, F=1.7MHz) (10-80ns)

  • FS+ mode, Vext<=2.8V (20-120ns)

To be used in I2C mode

01

  • HS mode (Vext>2.8, F=1.7MHz) (10-80ns)

  • FS+ mode, Vext>2.8 (20-120ns)

10

HS mode (Vext<3.3) (20-160ns)

00

  • HS mode (Vext>3.0)

  • FS mode (20-160ns)

101

0

0

x

Strong-Fast (2-12ns)

Open-Drain

  • SPU

  • OPD-PD Mode

101

0

1

x

Strong-Slow (10-60ns)

Open-Drain

  • WPU

  • OPD-PD Mode

110

0

0

x

Strong-Fast (2-12ns)

Strong-Fast (2-12ns)

  • SPU

  • SPD Mode

110

0

1

x

Strong-Slow (10-60ns)

Strong-Slow (10-60ns)

  • SPU

  • SPD Mode

111

0

x

x

Resistive (5K)

Resistive (5K)

  • WPU

  • WPD Mode

sky130_fd_io__sio Additional Features

The block diagram for Special I/O (sky130_fd_io__sio) macro is shown below in Fig. 5

../../../../_images/sky130_fd_io__sio_macro.png

Fig. 5 Block diagram of sky130_fd_io__sio_macro

The sky130_fd_io__sio_macro consists of 2 sky130_fd_io__sio cells (Fig. 6) and a Reference generator cell. The sky130_fd_io__sio cells are ONLY available as pairs. The block diagram of sky130_fd_io__sio is shown below in Fig. 6. Note that dm[3] denotes a 3 bit bus dm[2:0]. These notations are used interchangeably in the document.

  1. I/O-Cell sky130_fd_io__sio

../../../../_images/sky130_fd_io__sio.png

Fig. 6 Block diagram for sky130_fd_io__top_sio

The sky130_fd_io__sio provides the following additional features over the sky130_fd_io__gpio:

  • Regulated output buffer

  • Differential input buffer

The sky130_fd_io__sio cell adds a differential input buffer and a means for controlling or regulating the output buffer output high voltage level (Voh). The sky130_fd_io__sio cell has two additional control inputs (vreg_en, ibuf_sel), and an input buffer reference voltage (vinref), and an output buffer reference voltage (voutref). The added control inputs are used to select the input buffer type (single ended or differential) and output buffer type (CMOS or regulated). The input buffer configuration is selected based on the state of the ibuf_sel control input. If this signal is low the standard single ended (sky130_fd_io__gpio) input buffer is selected, otherwise the differential input buffer is selected.

The following tables 13 and 14 describe the sky130_fd_io__sio cell configurations based on the added control signals.

Table 113 sky130_fd_io__sio Input Buffer Truth Table

ibuf_sel

Vref_sel [1:0]

voh_sel [2:0]

vtrip_sel

Trip Point (Vinref)

Description

0

X

X

0

30% / 70%

CMOS input buffer w/wo Hysteresis

0

X

X

1

  • min (0.8V,30%)

  • min (2.0V,70%)

LVTTL input buffer w/wo Hysteresis

1

00

X

0

50% of vddio

Differential input buffer

1

00

X

1

40% of vddio

Differential input buffer

1

01

000

0

0.5 * Vohref

Differential input buffer

1

01

000

1

Vohref (buffered)

Differential input buffer

1

10/11

000

0

0.5 * amuxbus_a/b

Differential input buffer

1

10/11

000

1

amuxbus_a/b (buffered)

Differential input buffer

The vreg_en control input selects the output buffer configuration. If this signal is low the standard CMOS (sky130_fd_io__gpio) output configuration is selected. The regulated output configuration is selected ONLY if the dm<2:0> bits are correctly set to the strong pull up configuration. If the dm bits are set to any other configuration other than strong pull up, the regulated output buffer will be disabled, and the standard CMOS output buffer would take over.

Note: The voh_sel[2:0] combinations are found in the Table 116

Notice that the input buffer and output buffer configurations can be selected independently. For example, the standard single-ended input buffer and the regulated output buffer can be selected.

sky130_fd_io__refgen (Reference Generator) Features

The block diagram of sky130_fd_io__refgen used in sky130_fd_io__sio_macro is shown below in Fig. 7:

../../../../_images/sky130_fd_io__top_refgen.png

Fig. 7 Block diagram for sky130_fd_io__refgen

The sky130_fd_io__refgen block sky130_fd_io__top_refgen is an opamp connected in negative feedback loop configuration to generate the output reference voltage voutref. The input to the opamp (vref) can be selected from any of the three input references (vohref, amuxbus_a or amuxbus_b ). The input reference is selected based on the control input vref_sel[1:0] (Table 102). The voltage voutref is voh_out+Vgs (diode-connected nFET). In the Regulated Output Buffer, the voltage voutref is applied to the gate of a nFET (of the same type as the diode-connected nFET used to generate the voutref signal) and the output is the source of that nFET.

Consequently, this configuration compensates for the VGS voltage drop of the source follower in the Regulated Output Buffer circuit and allows its output to be pulled to the desired VOH voltage level, nominally equal to vohref value. The actual VOH level and its tolerance relative to the vohref voltage depends on the output current load conditions. The acceptable variation in VOH-vohref tolerance versus output current load is specified in DC Specification tables. For a given input reference, vref, the value of voutref can varied by selecting different tap point from the resistive divider in the feedback path (Fig. 7). The resistors are not equal in value and are skewed to generate standard voltages (1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2, 2.5, 3.3, 4.8), when the bandgap voltage (1.2V) is connected to vohref. This selection is based on the select signals , voh_sel[2:0] (Table 116). The output regulated value (voh_out) equals vref/n, where n=Rtap/Rtotal (Table 116).

Table 114 Input Reference selection

Vref_sel [1:0]

Ref.Selected

00

Vohref

01

Vohref

10

amuxbus_a

11

amuxbus_b

Note: The voltage range for the analog reference inputs (vref/amuxbus_a/amuxbus_b) is 1.0-4.6V and is dependent on the I/O supply, shown in Table 115 below.

Table 115 Analog Reference Input

I/O Supply (vddio)

analog input to reference (vref/amuxbus_a/amuxbus_b)

1.65V <= vddio < = 3.7V

1 - (vddio-0.5)

3.7V< vddio <= 5.6V

1 - (vddio-1)

Table 116 VOH reference selection

voh_sel[2:0]

n = Rtap/Rtotal

000

1

001

0.8

010

0.67

011

0.6

100

0.48

101

0.4

110

0.36

111

0.25

Note:

  • All the voh_sel[2:0] values cannot be selected for entire reference range (1V-4.6V). The upper value on VOH is limited to Vddio_q - 400mV.

  • The resistors are not equal in value and are skewed to generates standard voltages (1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2, 2.5, 3.3, 4.8), when band-gap voltage (1.2V) is connected to vref.

The input buffer reference vinref can be derived from four sources: vinref, half of voh_out, and 40% or 50% of the I/O supply voltage vcc_io. The vinref voltage level selected is based on the input buffer voltage trip point select vtrip_sel and voltage reference select vref_sel control inputs.

The truth tables for sky130_fd_io__refgen are shown in Table 117 and Table 118.

Important notes about sky130_fd_io__sio macro:

  • Each pair of sky130_fd_io__sio’s share a single RefGen block. This block allows for the generation of a regulated mode selectable input buffer trip point and output driver level.

  • The I/Os retain the ability to disable the input buffer for I/O’s with an active analog function. For sky130_fd_io__sio’s not connected to any analog component this input must be tied off.

  • The input reference (Vohref) to the RefGen block is assumed to be 1.2V.

  • The RefGen block also connects to amuxbus_a and amuxbus_b for reference generation. Use case: An external pin as reference voltage.

  • Regulated output buffer mode and differential input buffer mode cannot be used in low-power modes where VCCD is unavailable. It is the responsibility of firmware to ensure that the sky130_fd_io__sio is not configured in these modes before entering low-power modes.

  • If sky130_fd_io__sio_macro is being used as an I2C pin to drive SDA, the following configuration bits need to be set (CMOS input buffer and open-drain output)—The configuration bits are given w.r.t a single sky130_fd_io__sio

    • dm<2:0>=100 (To enable the 20mA driver (I2C FS+ mode and input buffer)

    • ibuf_sel=0 (To enable the SE buffer)

    • inp_dis=0 (To enable input buffer)

    • vtrip_sel=0 (To enable CMOS input buffer mode)

  • All other control signals are don’t care. The refgen can be disabled when sky130_fd_io__sio_macro is used for I2C (vreg_en_refgen=0)

Table 117 Valid sky130_fd_io__sio Differential Input Buffer Reference Voltage

Vref_sel <1:0>

vtrip_sel

Vinref

00

0

0.5 * vcc_io

00

1

0.4 * vcc_io

01

0

0.5 * voh_out

01

1

vref

10

0

0.5 * voh_out

10

1

vref

11

0

0.5 * voh_out

11

1

vref

Table 118 sky130_fd_io__refgen Truth Table

vohref

vreg_en

ibuf_sel

vref_sel <1:0>

voutref

vinref

X

0

0

X

Hi-Z

Hi-Z

1

0

1

00

Hi-Z

1

1

0

1

01,10,11

1

1

1

1

0

00,01

1

Hi-Z

X

1

0

XX

1

Hi-Z

1

1

1

00,01

1

1

X

1

1

10,11

1

1

Use of dft_refgen for ADFT purpose:

  • The sky130_fd_io__refgen block produces two references to be used in the sky130_fd_io__sio_macro. vinref is the reference to the differential input buffer and voutref is the reference to the regulated output buffer.

  • In order to have 100% ADFT coverage, these two references are bought out to the interface of the sky130_fd_io__sio_macro. By enabling dft_refgen, these two outputs of refgen can be observed on vinref_dft and voutref_dft. In order to observe these two pins on any sky130_fd_io__gpio pins, these two pins need to be hooked to the analog busses and bought to any sky130_fd_io__gpio pad through the AMUXBUS inside the sky130_fd_io__gpio.

sky130_fd_io__gpio_vrefv2 (Reference generator for Selectable trip point input buffer) Features

Todo

sky130_fd_io__gpio_vrefv2 is not yet publicly available.

This cell provides a reference (vinref) to the selectable trip point buffer in sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2. This reference generator is a low-leakage resistive ladder whose tap points are selected based on the signaling required at the sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 pad. The block diagram is shown below in Fig. 8. Note ref_sel[5] denotes a 5 bit bus ref_sel[4:0]. These notations are used interchangeably in the document.

../../../../_images/sky130_fd_io__top_gpiovrefv2.png

Fig. 8 sky130_fd_io__gpio_vrefv2 Block Diagram

The reference selection is based on the signaling range that needs to be at the PAD. For this to work, the external signaling range must be lower than VDDIO. The tap point selection is based on the formula:

vinref = (13n+184)*VDDIO/600

  • Where vinref represents the input signaling voltage at sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 pad

  • VDDIO is the supply voltage to the sky130_fd_io__gpio

  • n is the tap point selection that gives us required vinref. Binary coding of n is ref_sel<4:0>. n should be chosen such that vinref is greater than 1.8V

    For example:

    • Need to support 1.8V (vinref) signaling on PAD with VDDIO=5.0V. Plugging these numbers into the equation yields:

      1.8 = (13n+184)*5.0/600

      n= 2.46

    • As n=2.46, ref_sel<4:0> can be selected as either 2 (5’b00010) or 3 (5’b00011). This would give out a reference of 1.75V and 1.858V respectively.

    • Use a ceiling on n i.e. if n=2.46, use n=3 instead of n=2.

:sky130_fd_io__top_vrefcapv2 Features

Todo

sky130_fd_io__top_vrefcapv2 is not yet publicly available.

This cell contains a unit capacitance (4pF) that is intended to be placed on the vinref node that goes to multiple sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 cells. This is a filter cap used to suppress kick-back noise from the input buffers. The usage is shown below in Fig. 9:

../../../../_images/sky130_fd_io__top_vrefcapv2.png

Fig. 9 sky130_fd_io__top_vrefcapv2

sky130_fd_io__top_amuxsplitv2 Features

Todo

sky130_fd_io__top_amuxsplitv2 is not yet publicly available.

The amux splitter cell is designed to provide large chips (with large number of sky130_fd_io__gpio’s) to break the analog mux into multiple segments. This cell is capable of grounding, disconnecting or feeding through each amuxbus. The block diagram is shown below in Fig. 10.

../../../../_images/sky130_fd_io__top_amuxsplitv2.png

Fig. 10 Block diagram of sky130_fd_io__top_amuxsplitv2

Each T-switch has 3 control signals coming to control the state of the switches. These are expected to be static switches. During power-up (enable_vdda_h=0) and low-power modes (hld_vdda_h_n=0), the switches of the amux splitter are open.

General guidelines for the T-switch: Break before make logic that needs to be followed when working with the switch control signals. For example - when amux_a_l and amux_a_r are Independent, the mid-node of the switch needs to be closed to prevent unwanted coupling between the two amuxbus’s. When connecting amux_a_l and amux_a_r care must be taken to disconnect the mid-node and then close the right and left switch.

PG pads (ESD)

Todo

sky130_fd_io__top_hvclamp_wopad, sky130_fd_io__top_hvclamp_wopadv2, sky130_fd_io__top_power_padonlyv2, and sky130_fd_io__top_ground_padonlyv2 are not yet publicly available.

The I/O library consists of Power (P) and Ground (G) pads that have RC ESD clamps embedded in them. There are two types of RC ESD clamps that are present in these PG pads.

  • HV clamp- Only one HV (High Voltage) clamp is present underneath the PG pads whose terminals can be connected independently without interfering with the PG connections

  • LV clamp- Two LV (Low Voltage) clamps and a B2B (back 2 back) diode can be accommodated underneath the PG pads. The two LV clamps have a total of six terminals that can be tied according to chip-level needs. The B2B however should be connected to the source/body of LV clamp1 and another independent ground node (bdy_b2b).

A layout variant of the HV clamp without pad is sky130_fd_io__top_hvclamp_wopadv2. This is a derivative of sky130_fd_io__top_hvclamp_wopad with following changes:

  • Vssd pin added: P-substrate connection

  • HV clamp gate connection improved.

  • HV clamp source/drain connection improved.

Two additional pad cells to be used for power and ground connections added, namely:

  • sky130_fd_io__top_power_padonlyv2

  • sky130_fd_io__top_ground_padonlyv2

These are only M4/M5 pad structures with a short element. They are used to provide pad structure/connection to wopad clamps.

Integration Guidelines

Todo

Only sky130_fd_io__gpiov2 and sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 are currently available. sky130_fd_io__gpio is not yet publicly available.

All power and ground pads have the I/O bussing running through them in M5/M4, thereby forming an I/O ring when abutted to each other. The power and ground pads can be abutted to either the sky130_fd_io__gpio or the sky130_fd_io__sio_macro.

The Power and Ground pads are designed in such a way that one side of it is full DRC complaint to any sky130_fd_io__gpio or sky130_fd_io__sio_macro that abuts it. However due to limited area constraints, the other side cannot be abutted directly to a sky130_fd_io__gpio/sky130_fd_io__sio_macro. This puts a restriction that 2 pads (power/ground) should be paired to build the I/O ring.

ESD design details

Todo

sky130_fd_io__top_hvclamp_wopad_sio and sky130_fd_io__gpio are not yet publicly available.

The architecture for the RC ESD clamps trigger circuit is the simple one-time constant RC trigger circuit. For the over-voltage tolerant sky130_fd_io__sio, use ESD rail clamp sky130_fd_io__top_hvclamp_wopad_sio.

The HV and LV RC ESD clamps are robust up to 3.3KV HBM.

ESD HV RC ESD Clamp design

  • Single trigger - 2us time constant

  • Driver width of 2880 um was used

  • Cell height the same as the sky130_fd_io__gpio

Usage of Outer Guard ring Connection (OGC) in ESD HV and LV clamps for sky130_fd_io

Todo

sky130_fd_io__top_hvclamp_wopad, sky130_fd_io__top_lvclamp_b2b_wopad, and sky130_fd_io__top_lvclamp are not yet publicly available.

Power and Ground pads in sky130_fd_io library come along with ESD HV and LV clamps embedded within them. All the ESD clamps are independent of the power or ground pads providing maximum flexibility, thereby making the end user make proper connections to the ESD clamps. The end user chip lead is the best-informed person about making these connections and must approve all the ESD connections.

One of the clamp connections is the outer guard ring connection (ogc_hvc/ogc_lvc). The basic purpose of this is to connect the outer guard ring (deep nwell) to provide noise isolation. The recommended usage of this is to connect it to a HV supply that is available all/most of the time.

Bottlenecks during implementation: The power and ground pads that contain the ESD clamps have a number of pins coming to the boundary interface. In order to minimize the resistance inside the cell to these ESD clamps, some of the ogc_\* connections are floated and connected internally to VDDIO.

The following Table 119 lists the different cells in sky130_fd_io library that have this ogc_\* connection and the recommended way to connect them.

Table 119 OGC connection and Usage

S.No

Public Cell

Internally connected?

Recommended connection to end user

1

sky130_fd_io__top_power_hvc_wpad

YES (VDDIO)

No need to connect

2

sky130_fd_io__top_ground_hvc_wpad

YES (VDDIO)

No need to connect

3

sky130_fd_io__top_power_lvc_wpad

YES (VDDIO)

No need to connect

4

sky130_fd_io__top_ground_lvc_wpad

YES (VDDIO)

No need to connect

5

sky130_fd_io__top_hvclamp_wopad

NO

Connect to HV Supplythat is always present

6

sky130_fd_io__top_lvclamp_b2b_wopad

NO

Connect to HV Supply that is always present (Outer guard ring is HV rules compliant)

7

sky130_fd_io__top_lvclamp

NO

Connect to HV Supply that is always present (Outer guard ring is HV rules compliant)

XRES

Todo

Only sky130_fd_io__top_xres4v2 is currently available. sky130_fd_io__top_xres, sky130_fd_io__top_xres_2, sky130_fd_io__top_xres2v2, sky130_fd_io__top_xres3v2, and sky130_fd_io__top_axresv2 are not yet available.

The XRES cell is a macro that is used to influence the internal system wide reset. The purpose of this cell is to provide a noise free signal from the input buffer to the core. Any glitch of 50ns or less on the XRES pad is rejected by the XRES macro.

The XRES cell (sky130_fd_io__top_xres, sky130_fd_io__top_xres_2) is a cell that integrates the input buffer from the sky130_fd_io__gpio and an HV RC filter. It also has a 5k weak pull up on the XRES pad.

The XRES cell has two outputs, out (LV) and out_h (HV). The HV output will be functional even when the LV supply to the input buffer is gone (STOP mode).

There are 5 variants of XRES cells in sky130_fd_io IP:

  1. sky130_fd_io__top_xres and sky130_fd_io__top_xres_2

The two versions are the same except for layout differences.

  1. sky130_fd_io__top_xres2v2

This cell is essentially a copy of the current sky130_fd_io__top_xres_2 cell. One minor layout modification is made to this cell which is to make the height of the new cell=200u (sky130_fd_io__top_xres_2 has 198u height). No change in functionality compared to current sky130_fd_io__top_xres_2.

../../../../_images/sky130_fd_io__xres2v2.png

Fig. 11 sky130_fd_io__top_xres2v2

  1. sky130_fd_io__top_xres3v2

This cell is also a copy of the sky130_fd_io__top_xres_2 cell but with the pull-up disabled. (I.e. pull-up metal connection will be cut).

There is a metal option provided to connect the pullup back on if required. This requires 2 extra pins in this cell.

../../../../_images/sky130_fd_io__xres3v2.png

Fig. 12 sky130_fd_io__top_xres3v2

  1. sky130_fd_io__top_axresv2

Glitch filter to filter out pulses less than 50ns pulse width. This glitch filter currently resides inside of the xres cells. In order to provide more flexibility, the glitch filter portion of the existing xres cell will be copied into this new public cell.

Pull-up cell to connect the pad to the power supply (vddio) through a 5k ohm resistor. A control bit (disable_pullup_h) is used to enable/disable the pull-up.

../../../../_images/sky130_fd_io__top_axresv2.png

Fig. 13 sky130_fd_io__top_axresv2

Use case for the XRES cells

../../../../_images/use_case_for_the_xres_cells.png

Fig. 14 Use case for the XRES cells

Usage guidelines on when to use the different cells:

sky130_fd_io__top_xres:

The first XRES cell sky130_fd_io__top_xres can ONLY be abutted to the sky130_fd_io__sio_macro on its right and to TP2 on its left. This will not have any physical verification errors with the above mentioned placement of sky130_fd_io__top_xres cell. This cell CANNOT be abutted with any other cells in the sky130_fd_io library to form the I/O ring.

sky130_fd_io__top_xres_2:

This is a generic cell that can be abutted to most of the existing cells inside the sky130_fd_io library.

sky130_fd_io__top_xres2v2, sky130_fd_io__top_xres3v2, sky130_fd_io__top_axresv2:

All the sky130_fd_io__top_xres cells have the I/O bussing running through them in M5/M4, thereby forming an I/O ring when abutted to each other. This is a generic cell that can be abutted to most of the existing cells inside the sky130_fd_io library.

Test Pads (TP1, TP2, TP3)

Todo

None of the test pads (TP1, TP2, TP3) is currently publicly available.

TP1 and TP2 are used to monitor the flash voltages. TP3 is an analog pad. The TP1 and TP2 pads do not have any state elements and have no initialization requirements. It is expected that en_tp1 and en_tp2 input will be driven low during startup and during normal operation - only toggling high during test modes (class test or characterization, in particular).

The TP1 and TP2 pad are specifically for test mode.

There are two modes: en_tp1 and en_tp2 = 0 and en_tp1 and en_tp2 = 1.

The en_tp1 and en_tp2 inputs must be asserted high to enable scaled/divided version of outputs for full-chip hook-up. In this mode the tp1_out voltages and tp2_out_voltages are directly observed on the TP1 and TP2 pads.

The TP1, TP2, TP3 pads have snap back ESD protection inside them.

Below are the truth tables for the TP1, TP2, TP3 pads:

Table 120 Truth Table for sky130_fd_io__top_tp1

en_tp1

tp1

tp1_div

0

tp1_out

Hi-Z

1

tp1_out

tp1_out/7

Table 121 Truth Table for sky130_fd_io__top_tp2

en_tp2

tp2

tp2_div

0

tp2_out

Hi-Z

1

tp2_out

tp1_out/9 + (8/9)*vccd

Table 122 Truth Table for sky130_fd_io__top_tp3

tp3

tp3_out

0

0

1

1

Hi-Z

Hi-Z

Overlay Cells

There are two kinds of overlays that exist in the sky130_fd_io I/O library:

  • Power Ground (PG) overlays - These overlay cells (12) are coupled with the existing generic power and ground public cells and made into a specific power and ground pad. The overlays connect the pad to the one of the horizontally running I/O ring busses.

  • sky130_fd_io__gpio

  1. Power Ground Overlays

    sky130_fd_io I/O library has twelve overlays that go with the two existing power and ground pads. The purpose of the overlays is to convert a generic power/ground pad to a specific power/ground pad. For example: sky130_fd_io__top_power_hvc_wpad is just a power pad with no hook-up to the horizontally running I/O busses in the I/O ring. By placing an overlay called sky130_fd_io__overlay_vddio_hvc on top of sky130_fd_io__top_power_hvc_wpad, this would become a VDDIO power pad (in that the PAD is physically connected to the VDDIO bus in the I/O ring).

    Below are the important busses running in the I/O ring for which these overlays are built:

    1. VDDIO

    2. VSSIO

    3. VDDA

    4. VSSA

    5. VCCD

    6. VSSD

    Since any power or ground pad can be connected to an ESD HV or an ESD LV clamp, there are twelve overlays for the above mentioned buses. overlay cells shows the usage.

Table 123 Overlay Cell along with usage

S.No

Overlay

Used in conjunciton with

Converts above power PAD to

Using underneath clamp of

1

sky130_fd_io__overlay_vddio_hvc

sky130_fd_io__top_power_hvc_wpad

VDDIO power pad

HV ESD clamp

2

sky130_fd_io__overlay_vddio_lvc

sky130_fd_io__top_power_lvc_wpad

VDDIO power pad

LV ESD clamp

3

sky130_fd_io__overlay_vdda_hvc

sky130_fd_io__top_power_hvc_wpad

VDDA power pad

HV ESD clamp

4

sky130_fd_io__overlay_vdda_lvc

sky130_fd_io__top_power_lvc_wpad

VDDA power pad

LV ESD clamp

5

sky130_fd_io__overlay_vccd_hvc

sky130_fd_io__top_power_hvc_wpad

VCCD power pad

HV ESD clamp

6

sky130_fd_io__overlay_vccd_lvc

sky130_fd_io__top_power_lvc_wpad

VCCD power pad

LV ESD clamp

7

sky130_fd_io__overlay_vssio_hvc

sky130_fd_io__top_ground_hvc_wpad

VSSIO power pad

HV ESD clamp

8

sky130_fd_io__overlay_vssio_lvc

sky130_fd_io__top_ground_lvc_wpad

VSSIO power pad

LV ESD clamp

9

sky130_fd_io__overlay_vssa_hvc

sky130_fd_io__top_ground_hvc_wpad

VSSA power pad

HV ESD clamp

10

sky130_fd_io__overlay_vssa_lvc

sky130_fd_io__top_ground_lvc_wpad

VSSA power pad

LV ESD clamp

11

sky130_fd_io__overlay_vssd_hvc

sky130_fd_io__top_ground_hvc_wpad

VSSD power pad

HV ESD clamp

Power detector

Todo

sky130_fd_io__top_pwrdet is not yet publicly available.

This cell is developed to detect vddd and vddio power supplies and to level shift the hv control signals across vddio<->vddd voltage domains. This cell is made of the following sub-blocks.

  1. vddd detector : It detects the presence of vddd supply in vddio domain

  2. vddio detector : It detects the presence of vddio supply in vddd domain

  3. There are 6 level shifters inside the top cell. The first 3 level shifters are enabled by the vddd detector and the later three are enabled by the vddio detector. The detectors make sure that the level shifters are powered down to a safe state when the input power supply to the level shifters is not present.

Use case for the detector

../../../../_images/use_case_for_power_detector_sky130_fd_io__pwrdet.png

Fig. 15 Use case for the Power detector

Block diagram

The following diagram shows the complete sub-blocks of the power detector in detail.

../../../../_images/sky130_fd_io__top_pwrdet.png

Fig. 16 sky130_fd_io__top_pwrdet

Truth Table

The table below captures all steady state combinations of vddio_q, vccd and vddd1 for the vddio detector and explains the behavior of the vddio detector for each of the cases.

Table 124 Truth Table for Power detector

vccd

vddd1

vddio_q

vddio detector behavior

Comment

0

0

0

Output is floating.

Chip shutdown

0

0

1

Output is floating.

vddd is absent

0

1

0

The detector is unreliable in this condition

Sec.2.4.9 of SAS calls out this condition. It states the circuit above is unreliable when vddio is 0 and vpwr_lv is 0, which is the case during POR and when XRES=0

0

1

1

  • Detector output will be high.

  • vccd=0 does not affect circuit behavior when vddio=1

xres mode

1

0

0

Output is floating.

Invalid combination. Vccd cannot be 1 when vddd is 0

1

0

1

Output is floating.

Invalid combination. Vccd cannot be 1 when vddd is 0

1

1

0

Output will be low. since vddio_q=0

When vddio de-asserts in a working system - it what leads the system to reset as a result of it

1

1

1

Output of detector is high.

Active mode.

The table below captures all steady state combinations of vddio_q, and vddd2 for the vddd detector and explains the behavior of the vddd detector for each of the cases.

Table 125 Steady state combinations of vddio_q, and vddd2

vddio_q

vddd2

vddd detector behavio

Comment

0

0

Output is floating.

Chip shutdown

0

1

Output is floating

vddio_q (power supply of detector) is absent.

1

0

Output will be low, since vddd2 =0

vddio_q is present and vddd2 is absent.

1

1

Output will be high, since vddd2=1

Active mode.

The output of the level shifter will be zero when the power supply that is being detected is not present (=0).

Block Integration Guidelines

The cell uses metal routing untill Met3. Met4 and Met5 can be routed above this block.

The rst_por_hv_n pin should be hooked up to the rst_por_hv_n coming from the SRSS IP for proper functionality.

The cell does not include any circuitry for test mode control or for self-test.

IP block test coverage goals should be met by asserting the inputs of the level shifter and observing the respective outputs. The block is mainly used to carry global enable signals and hence this functionality is tested implicitly.

The detector outputs are buffered using buffer sizes similar to buf4 cell. The user must insert an additional buffer if one intends to cater to a higher load than that is supported by this buffer.

The level shifter outputs are buffered to drive a 3pf load at about 10ns rise/fall times. Any additional load requirement must be taken care by inserting additional buffers.

The reset signal connected to vddio detector should be high in steady state condition for proper functionality.

If the VDDD detector is not to be used then the vddd2 has to be tied to vddio_q. The inputs of the corresponding level shifters (in1_vddd_hv, in2_vddd_hv and in3_vddd_hv must be tied to ground. The outputs of the level shifters and detector must not be used anywhere.

If the VDDIO detector is not planned to be used then the vddd1, rst_por_hv_n and vccd has to be tied to vddio_q. The inputs of the corresponding level shifters (in1_vddio_hv, in2_vddio_hv and in3_vddio_hv must be tied to ground. The outputs of the level shifters and detector must not be used anywhere.

This cell can be placed in critical corner.

The cell has power connections in Met3. The power connections must be properly connected in Met4 and Met5 at the chip level. The MET4 and MET5 power hookups should be at least 6um. Minimum 10 VIA3 and VIA4 must be used in the power hookups.

If the block is placed in the I/O ring in the ESD routing path the power bussing should follow that of the I/O ring.

The vddio and vddd detectors were tested with 500mV, 10ns pulse width noise at 1 MHz and 25 MHz frequencies at the input power supply domain assuming no noise at the output power supply domain.

The vddio and vddd detectors were tested with 500mV, 10ns pulse width noise at 1 MHz and 25 MHz frequencies at the output power supply domain assuming no noise at the input power supply domain.

The vddio and vddd detectors were tested with 100mV, 10ns pulse width noise at 1 MHz and 25 MHz frequencies at the vssa domain.

The vddio and vddd detectors were tested with 100mV, 10ns pulse width noise at 1 MHz and 25 MHz frequencies at the vssd and vssio_q domain.

The outputs of the level shifters should be routed in Met2 of 0.5um width or Met3

The default state of the level shifters outputs is zero. Hence the level shifters must be used to shift active high control signals to avoid glitches on this control signals during various power supply ramps.

The power detector carries the enable_io signals to the sky130_fd_io__sio and sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2. Hence any glitches on the VDDD level shifter output when VDDIO ramping will cause a possible glitch in I2C communication. The following table shows the outputs with various power supply ramp scenarios for the detector and level shifters outputs with the input to the level shifter driven by zero.

Table 126 Power detector outputs with various power supply ramp scenarios

Case #

vddd

vddio

vddio detector output

vddio Level shifter output

vddd detector output

vddd Level shifter output

1

Stable

Ramping

no glitch

no glitch

glitches

no glitch

2

Ramping

Stable

glitches

no glitch

no glitch

no glitch

3

Stable

Stable

no glitch

no glitch

no glitch

no glitch

4

Ramping

Ramping

glitches

glitches

glitches

glitches

Case 1: vddio ramp - vddd detector

VDDIO detector is keeping system in reset, so enable_ signals are 0. Hence LS input is being driven by 0, so a glitch on VDDD detector output is of no concern.

Case 2: vddd ramp - vddio detector

The system is not listening to output of VDDIO detector/level shifter when vddd ramps. Hence this is not a concern.

Case 3: No concerns

Case 4: Glitches on detector/level shifter outputs not a problem during concurrent ramps.

The user must connect the power and ground to the less noisy sources.

sky130_fd_io Pin Information

Todo

sky130_fd_io__gpio is not yet available.

  1. DFT, BIST Pins

    As a summary, there is no additional DFT circuitry needed to test the sky130_fd_io__gpio. However, DFT circuitry has been added to the sky130_fd_io__sio macro to test the references from the sky130_fd_io__refgen to the sky130_fd_io__sio macro.

  2. Bulk Pins

    There are no bulk pins to the LV devices in this library.

    Some high voltage pfet bodies are connected to their sources. These pfet bodies are connected to the I/O supply vddio. There are some high voltage pfet bodies that are associated with the pad during an overvoltage or hot swap event. When a hot swap or overvoltage event occurs, these bodies are connected to the pad otherwise they are connected to the I/O supply vddio.

    There are nfet bodies that do not connect to common ground. These bodies are in an isolated psub and are connected to vssd. This is required in order to ensure that the threshold voltage does not change if substrate bias is applied. Normally, this scheme is used in the input buffer to ensure that the input trip does not shift due to substrate biasing.

  3. Power Supply Pins

  • The sky130_fd_io__gpio cells use the main Vddio/Vssio connections for their ESD current steering diodes.

  • The main Vddio/Vssio power rails are used for the digital output driver only. A separately routed Vddio_quiet/Vssio_quiet bus is used for all lower current circuits.

  • Most LV logic is in the Vccd domain. A few signals are in the Vcchib domain to enable DeepSleep functionality.

  • The AMUXBUS section contains switches that are supplied from the Vdda domain. The gates are driven using the Vswitch supply, which is either equal to Vdda or pumped up from it. If the product has no Programmable Analog, these supplies can be connected to Vddio (e.g. TSGx).

  • The AMUXBUS section contains shunting switches to Vssio/Vddio for the sensing/shielding currents during CSD operation. These use the Vssio_quiet/Vddio_quiet rails with private routes to the corresponding Vssio/Vddio pads to minimize the noise experienced due to IR- Drop caused by switching current of regular digital drivers.

  • There are no control signals in the Vdda domain. Only the AMUXBUS buses themselves are in the Vdda domain.

Timing Requirements and Diagrams

The following diagrams apply to the input buffer AC parameters.

../../../../_images/timing_diagram_gpio_tpd_trfout.png

Fig. 17 sky130_fd_io__gpio, tPD, tRFout

../../../../_images/timing_diagram_sio_tpd_trfout.png

Fig. 18 sky130_fd_io__sio tPD, tRFout

../../../../_images/timing_diagram_gpio_sio_tdis_ten.png

Fig. 19 sky130_fd_io__gpio & sky130_fd_io__sio tDIS, tEN

The following timing diagrams apply to the output buffer AC parameters.

../../../../_images/timing_diagram_gpio_tpd_trfout_tslew.png

Fig. 20 sky130_fd_io__gpio tPD, tRFout (tSLEW)

../../../../_images/timing_diagram_gpio_and_sio_non-regulated_outbuf_tolz_internal_measurement_method_for_tohz.png

Fig. 21 sky130_fd_io__gpio and sky130_fd_io__sio non-regulated outbuf tOLZ & internal measurement method for tOHZ

../../../../_images/timing_diagram_gpio_and_sio_non-regulated_outbuf_tohz_external_measurement_method.png

Fig. 22 sky130_fd_io__gpio and sky130_fd_io__sio non-regulated outbuf tOHZ external measurement method

../../../../_images/timing_diagram_sio_regulated_outbuf_ttrfout_tslew.png

Fig. 23 sky130_fd_io__sio regulated outbuf ttRFout(tSLEW)

../../../../_images/timing_diagram_sio_regulated_outbuf_tolz_external_measurement_method_for_tohz.png

Fig. 24 sky130_fd_io__sio regulated outbuf tOLZ & external measurement method for tOHZ

../../../../_images/timing_diagram_sio_regulated_outbuf_tohz_external_measurement_method.png

Fig. 25 sky130_fd_io__sio regulated outbuf tOHZ external measurement method

../../../../_images/timing_diagram_gpio_and_sio_hold_state_mode_timing_diagram.png

Fig. 26 sky130_fd_io__gpio and sky130_fd_io__sio Hold State Mode Timing Diagram

Block Level Interfaces

The sky130_fd_io__gpio and sky130_fd_io__sio cells interface with the core and the external world. These cells accept inputs from the core at vcchib, vccd, vdda and vddio voltage levels. The cell interfaces with the external world at vddio and vdda levels. This cell also produces output signals to the core at vcchib and vddio levels. vcchib tracks vccd in normal operation and does not track vccd in sleep mode in which vddio and vcchib are up and vccd is down.

The sky130_fd_io__sio_macro cell is like the sky130_fd_io__gpio cell and it also accepts analog voltage levels as inputs and produces analog voltages at the pad.

The internal blocks on the vcchib power domain are input buffers and control logic for oe_hs (hot swap output enable).

The Reference voltage generator block receives the vohref analog global signal and has low voltage input configuration signals (vreg_en, vref_sel , ibuf_sel , vtrip_sel ). This block provides voutref reference voltage and refleak_bias bias voltage for the sky130_fd_io__sio Regulated Output Buffer and the vinref reference voltage for the sky130_fd_io__sio differential input buffer. The internal blocks on the vcchib power domain is the internal current bias generator and a level shifter block, that controls that sub-block.

The Reference voltage generator vcc_a pin must be connected to the analog supply of the chip, to reduce its noise sensitivity at its Vinref and Voutref outputs. This issue affects the supply noise sensitivity in the sky130_fd_io__sio input buffer and the sky130_fd_io__sio Regulated Output Buffer, respectively.

Reset and Initialization

There are two resets to the I/O blocks -

  • Enable_h - This is a reset issued by the SRSS in VDDD (VDDIO) domain that resets everything when it is at logic 0 in the I/O block and ensures that the I/O blocks are tri-stated

  • Enable_vdda_h - This is reset issued by the SRSS in VDDA domain to ensure that any analog blocks in VDDA domain are reset when enable_vdda_h is at logic 0. This will ensure that any portions of the I/O (Analog Mux) that are tied to PAD are reset and the I/O block is in reset state.

Power Modes

Todo

sky130_fd_io__gpio is not yet available.

The sky130_fd_io__gpio and sky130_fd_io__sio buffers support multiple standby modes. The following tables list the input and output standby modes and their dependency on the related control inputs.

Table 127 sky130_fd_io__gpio & sky130_fd_io__sio Input Buffer Standby Modes

enable_h

inp_dis

dm<2:0>

Standby Mode Description

1

X

000

Input Buffer disabled by drive mode state

1

1

XXX

Input Buffer disabled by input buffer disable input

0

X

XXX

Input Buffer disabled

Table 128 sky130_fd_io__gpio & sky130_fd_io__sio Output Buffer Standby Modes

enable_h

hld_h_n

oe_n

dm<2:0>

Standby Mode Description

1

1

X

00X

Output Buffer disabled by drive mode state

1

1

1

  • 1XX

  • X1X

Output Buffer disabled by output buffer enable signal

1

0

X

XXX

Output Buffer maintains previous state

0

X

X

XXX

Output Buffer tri-stated

The standby power consumption depends on the state of the control bits. For example, the lowest standby current mode is achieved when oe_n=1, inp_dis=1, dm<2:0>=000. During this mode the input and output buffer are permanently disabled allowing the circuits to be configured for minimal leakage current.

For all control bit states not covered in Table 126 and Table 127 either the input buffer, output buffer, or both buffers will be enabled. During these modes the I/O buffer is considered active. The power consumption for these modes depends on the drive mode setting and the switching frequency.

Register Definitions

This IP contains latches to hold the previous state of the output when the hold state mode is selected. When the hold state mode is selected the internal power supply connected to the output path may float. The hold state latches are required to hold the previous output state regardless of the current state of the control signals.

Power Architecture and Modes

The IP cells include multiple power domains. In general there is a high voltage domain and a low voltage domain. The high voltage domain is supplied by the I/O power supply vddio. There are no switched domains located inside the cell for the vddio power supply domain.

The low voltage domain consists of two internally generated supplies, vccd and vcchib. The vccd supply is the regulated internal supply that can be forced low during low standby current modes. The vcchib supply is the low voltage regulated keep alive supply. This supply is kept active during low standby current modes and the level can drop to 1.2V. The chip team is responsible to correctly controlling the levels on these supplies during the appropriate modes of operation.

Grounded Power Supplies

As there are multiple power supplies to the I/O’s, no single power supply will be grounded while another supply is active. This will help alleviate the grounded NWELL issues that induce latch-up. It is OK to float a supply while another is active though.

Block behavioral model requirements

Todo

sky130_fd_io__gpio is not yet available.

The sky130_fd_io__gpio and sky130_fd_io__sio input buffers are operating from the vcchib supply. This means that the input buffer can operate even when vccd is taken down to 0 or floats. But, note that before taking vccd=0 (or floating vccd), the hold mode must be asserted i.e. hld_h_n=0 must go to 0 before vccd is taken to 0. During the hold mode of operation and with vccd=0 (or floating), the input buffer can actively drive out depending on pad input if there is a valid I/O (vddio, vddioq and vcchib) power supply. This functionality is implemented in the behavioral model. If vccd=0 (or floats) and when the I/O is not in the hold mode of operation, the behavioral model would force an X on the outputs of the input buffer (out and out_h) and the input buffer cannot be actively driven from pad.

Block Integration Requirements and Constraints

General Integration Requirements

Todo

Only sky130_fd_io__gpiov2 and sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 are currently available. sky130_fd_io__gpio is not yet publicly available.

Todo

Only sky130_fd_io__top_xres4v2 is currently available. sky130_fd_io__top_xres, sky130_fd_io__top_xres_2, sky130_fd_io__top_xres2v2, sky130_fd_io__top_xres3v2, and sky130_fd_io__top_axresv2 are not yet available.

The following is a list of items users must be aware of before using this IP.

  1. The IP cells described within this document are I/O cells and Power and Ground pads. Each cell (GPIO and sky130_fd_io__sio) contains an input and output buffer, with a bond pad.

  2. The circuit blocks do not include any circuitry for test mode control or for self-test. All input pin states will be exercisable in all product applications so that the IP block test coverage goals will be met.

  3. The control signal enable_h will override all other input and control pins to force the input and output to a predetermined state. When enable_h transitions from logic 0 to logic 1, the block expects all of the inputs to be valid state. If hld_h_n=0 when the enable_h pin transitions 0->1 (inactive->active) the state set by enable_h is latched in the output driver.

  4. There is a separate enable_vdda_h control signal to the sky130_fd_io__gpio. This control signal is logic 0 when VDDA supply is ramping up. This control signal ensures that the AMUX is completely turned OFF when enable_vdda_h is at logic 0.

  5. It is permissible to externally connect the I/O pin to a voltage above vddio or below vssd_io, provided that the current flowing into/out of the pin is externally limited to 100uA.

  6. The sky130_fd_io__gpio and sky130_fd_io__sio input buffers are operating from the vcchib supply. This means that the input buffer can operate even when vccd is taken down to 0V or floats. But note that before taking vccd=0 (or floating vccd), the hold mode must be asserted i.e. hld_h_n=0 must go to 0 before vccd is taken to 0. During the hold mode of operation and with vccd=0 (or floating), the input buffer can actively drive out depending on pad input if there is a valid I/O (vddio, vddioq and vcchib) power supply. This functionality is implemented in the behavioral model. If vccd=0 (or floats) and when the I/O is not in the hold mode of operation, the behavioral model would force an X on the outputs of the input buffer (out and out_h) and the input buffer cannot be actively driven from pad.

  7. In hibernate mode, the I/P buffer just needs to toggle. It need not meet the VIH/VIL specs.

  8. The charge pump is powered down during startup and thus VSWITCH=VDDA during startup.

  9. tie_weak_hi_h signal for the sky130_fd_io__top_xres3v2 is really a pull up and not intended to interact with any other intermediate strength drivers (weak, pull).

  10. For the cell sky130_fd_io__top_axresv2, glitch filter input (filter_in_h) is intended to be connected to only the sky130_fd_io__gpio output and no other uses are permitted.

  11. The glitch filter in sky130_fd_io__top_xres2v2, sky130_fd_io__top_xres3v2 and sky130_fd_io__top_axresv2 cells have metal1 option to increase/decrease the glitch rejection pulse width.

  12. When using the pad connections of the sky130_fd_io__sio_macro, care should be taken about power-domain interaction at PAD (when used as I2C pads). The sky130_fd_io__sio_macro has a tracking NWELL on its PAD which is driven to VDDIO when PAD<VDDIO. If a pad is being connected to a signal from any other power-domain other than VDDIO, power- supply sequencing issues must be analyzed at chip- level.

  1. Chip Floor planning guidelines when using sky130_fd_io to build I/O ring

    The following information is a MUST know when using the sky130_fd_io library components to build an I/O ring. Due to the complex nature of these I/O’s and other PG pads, it is critical that the following matrix be understood when placing the cells that form the I/O ring.

    • ALL cells CANNOT be abutted with each other. There are limitations because of the ESD LU rules and due to the different Deep NWELLS being used in different cells.

    • It is strongly recommended to run a DRC at the chip level as soon as the I/O cell placements are complete. Also, scheduling a preliminary ESD review is recommended before routing is started.

  2. Layout Integration guidelines specific to sky130_fd_io__gpio

    1. The GPIO cell (sky130_fd_io__top_gpio) forms part of the I/O ring. If multiple instances of this cell are used, they must be mirrored and placed by abutment.

    2. The boundary of the sky130_fd_io__gpio cell (PAD side) can be abutted with the seal ring. It takes care of the pad to seal ring rules internally.

    3. The sky130_fd_io__gpio cell can be abutted to the rest of the cells in this IP by proper placement as documented below for the rest of the public cells.

  3. enable_h integration guidelines for sky130_fd_io__gpio_ovtv2 and sky130_fd_io__sio_macro

    Any product that has I2C ports and is claiming over-voltage tolerance needs to ensure that the glitch on enable_h coming into the sky130_fd_io__top_gpio_ovtv2 or sky130_fd_io__sio_macro is less than 300mV.

Scan Attributes to be used for sky130_fd_io cells

Todo

sky130_fd_io__gpio and sky130_fd_io__top_amuxsplitv2 are not yet available.

sky130_fd_io__gpio’s can be used as SCAN IN and SCAN Out pads based on the configuration.

However, if a sky130_fd_io__gpio is configured as a SCAN IN pad, all the output buffer control signals can be toggled. Likewise, if the sky130_fd_io__gpio is used as a SCAN OUT pad, all the input buffer control signals can be toggled.

Table 129 Control signals that can be toggled for public cells

S.No

Public Cell

  • Used as SCAN IN

  • dm[3]=001

  • analog_en=0

  • Used as SCAN OUT

  • dm=110

  • inp_dis=1

  • analog_en=0

  • Others

  • analog_en=0

  • hld_vdda_h_n=0

1

sky130_fd_io__top_gpiov2

  • out

  • oe_n

  • slow

  • analog_sel

  • analog_pol

  • vtrip_sel ib_mode_sel

  • analog_sel analog_pol

2

sky130_fd_io__top_gpio_ovtv2

  • out

  • oe_n

  • slow

  • analog_sel

  • analog_pol

  • hys_trim

  • slew_ctl<1:0>

  • vtrip_sel

  • ib_mode_sel<1:0>

  • analog_sel

  • analog_pol

  • hys_trim

  • slew_ctl<1:0>

3

sky130_fd_io__sio_macro

(assuming both the pad in macro are used the same way)

  • inp_dis=0

  • vtrip_sel=0

  • hld_h_n=1

  • ibuf_sel=0

  • vreg_en_refgen=0

  • out<1:0>

  • oe_n<1:0>

  • slow<1:0>

  • voh_sel<1:0>

  • vref_sel<1:0>

  • vtrip_sel_refgen=0

  • ibuf_sel_refgen=0

  • dft_refgen=0

  • vreg_en=0

  • vreg_en_refgen=0

  • vtrip_sel<1:0>

  • ibuf_sel<1:0>

  • voh_sel<2:0>

  • vref_sel<1:0>

  • vtrip_sel_refgen

  • ibuf_sel_refgen

  • dft_refgen=0

4

sky130_fd_io__top_amuxsplitv2

  • switch_aa_sl

  • switch_aa_sr

  • switch_aa_s0

  • switch_bb_sl

  • switch_bb_sr

  • switch_bb_s0